Por el Dr. Martín Aróstegui
El bagré africano de diente afilado también conocido como Claria, se introdujo en Cuba para fines de acuicultura hace aproximadamente 15 años. El pescado es muy resistente y puede vivir respirando bajos niveles de oxígeno, así como en aguas contaminadas. Este pez fue introducido para aumentar las dietas de la población cubana. Como sucede a menudo con las especies exóticas, este pez se escapó hacia los ríos, lagos y embalses en toda la isla. Hoy la Claria se ha convertido en el pez dominante y está amenazando a todas las especies endémicas de la isla de Cuba.
Durante mis recientes viajes a Cuba, tuve la oportunidad de pescar en el río Hatiguanico en el área de la Ciénaga de Zapata. Yo estaba muy molesto al ver que la Claria está en grandes cantidades por todas partes del río. Hoy en día es muy difícil encontrar Biajacas, manjuari y muchas otras especies endémicas que antes eran abundantes en esta zona. También viajé a otras provincias y encontré el mismo problema. Lagos que anteriormente tenían truchas, ahora no tienen.
Una vez que un pez exótico se ha establecida en un nuevo ambiente, es imposible erradicarlo. Dado que en los ríos y lagos cubanos la Claria no tiene enemigos naturales, se multiplican rápidamente y eliminan a muchos peces endémicos.
Este problema no es exclusivo de Cuba. Hoy tenemos un grave problema en los Everglades de Florida con serpientes pitón exóticas que devoran muchas especies endémicas. En mis viajes de exploración, he encontrado este mismo problema en muchos otros países.
La introducción de un animal exótico en un nuevo entorno no es muy buena idea. Los seres humanos somos responsables de estos problemas y es hora que aprendamos de nuestros errores.
Exotic Catfish Threatens All Endemic Fresh Water Fish in Cuba
By Dr. Martin Aróstegui
The African Sharptooth Catfish also known as Claria, was introduced in Cuba for aquaculture purposes approximately 15 years ago. The fish is very hardy and can live in low oxygen as well as polluted waters. This fish was introduced to augment the diets of the Cuban people. As it happens often with exotic species, this fish escaped into the rivers, lakes and dams throughout the island. Today the Claria has become the dominant fish and is threatening all endemic species in the island.
During recent trips to Cuba, I had the opportunity to fish in the Hatiguanico River in the Zapata swamp area. I was very upset to see that the Claria are everywhere in the river and in very large numbers. Today it is very difficult to find Biajacas, Cuban Gar Fish and many other endemic species that previously were abundant in this area. I also traveled to other provinces and found the same problem. Lakes that previously had Largemouth Bass now do not have any.
Once an exotic fish gets well established in a new environment, it is impossible to eradicate it. Since in Cuban rivers and lakes the Claria has no natural enemies, it is multiplying rapidly and eliminating many endemic fish.
This problem is not exclusive to Cuba. Today we have a grave problem in the Florida Everglades with exotic Python snakes devouring many endemic species. On my travels, I have found the same problem in many other countries.
Introducing an exotic animal into a new environment is a very bad idea. We humans are responsible for these problems and it is time that we learn from our mistakes.
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In this regard, cardiac imaging could additionally be a helpful tool to evaluate the
presence of subclinical morphological cardiac alterations in AAS abusers.
However, further research are needed in this subject, on condition that there is not a reliable take a look at to diagnose
AAS abuse. Typical short‑term results embrace pimples,
oily skin, hair loss, temper swings, increased blood stress, and early hormonal adjustments corresponding to testicular shrinkage or gynecomastia.
Medicinal therapy of steroid abuse, particularly if that use
lasts longer than a yr, can include clomiphene.
This helps to extend blood ranges of important hormones, including testosterone, and can help to
normalize hormone ranges and reduce withdrawal effects.
It can typically take a few months after stopping your PED cycle before your regular menstrual cycle resumes.
Some women will discover a fast restoration of regular cycles; this can depend on the
person and which PEDs had been taken. Sustaining the usage of milder PEDs like Anavar at low doses and for short cycle durations is usually
sufficient to permit you to keep away from clitoral enlargement.
Facet results include headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion,
dizziness, transient abnormal imaginative and prescient and cyanopsia (specific to sildenafil), and
back pain and myalgia (specific to tadalafil) (196).
While these medication are generally already acquired
by AAS users from the black market, they could be
prescribed to sufferers affected by erectile dysfunction which is either organic or psychogenic in nature.
A referral to a sexologist is advised for these in whom a
psychogenic cause is probably going – which is widespread in our experience.
One notable exception is nandrolone, which is
converted into dihydronandrolone (DHN) by 5α-reductase.
Nonetheless, whereas testosterone is transformed into the more potent androgen DHT by 5α-reductase (21), the conversion of nandrolone into DHN yields an androgen with significantly lower binding affinity
for the AR (77, 78). Thus, whereas testosterone’s actions might be amplified in tissues
expressing 5α-reductase, nandrolone’s actions may be diminished (21).
Nevertheless, this is only a common rule that applies to those who don’t abuse steroids.
A diuretic could also be used to lower blood strain if an individual experiences vital
water retention. Nonetheless, this can end in less muscle fullness and decreased power gains because of less ATP manufacturing contained in the muscle cell.
Sure, long-term steroid habit can have extreme well being penalties, together with cardiovascular problems, liver harm, hormonal imbalances,
infertility, mood disorders, and dependancy to other substances.
The AAS customers have been required to be presently abstinent from AAS, but
to have used a minimum of four «cycles» within the previous yr; the authors
state that «cycles» every lasted typically 10 weeks, with 4-6 weeks of abstinence in between.
However, the patient must take step one in analysis and remedy by admitting there
is a potential for abuse and their willingness to suppose
about intervention and treatment. It badly affects
ldl cholesterol, increasing the bad sort and decreasing the good kind.
This change can result in atherosclerosis, where arteries narrow and harden. Your physician can help you establish if the advantages of steroid
shots outweigh the risks.
They concluded that alcohol had no interactions with the medicines; nevertheless,
grapefruit juice increased the absorption of the
medication in the bloodstream by fivefold.
Anavar is a much less toxic steroid in regard to unwanted side
effects, and thus it is well-liked amongst newbies and girls.
Our patients have discovered that drinking a lot of water and sustaining a
clean diet successfully prevents water retention. When an individual drinks more water,
it causes the physique to flush out present water within the physique as a self-defense mechanism.
It will increase retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in elevated
protein anabolism and a lower in the catabolism of amino acids, resulting in a rise in density and hardness
of muscle. The unwanted effects of Equipoise can embrace hypertension and excessive cholesterol, however each ought to be simple to
manage. If the person controls water retention, which shouldn’t be hard
to do with this steroid, high blood pressure shouldn’t be a
difficulty baring some underlying issue.
Then we have ldl cholesterol, and while this isn’t an extremely unfriendly steroid to cholesterol it could have a adverse impact.
The side effects of Equipoise revolving round
cholesterol must be far less problematic
than the vast majority of anabolic steroids, however important suppression of HDL
ldl cholesterol (good cholesterol) is feasible.
It is not entirely recognized why trenbolone causes severe coughing
(more so than different injectable steroids); nonetheless, one principle suggests androgenic properties to be the principle culprit.
Trenbolone customers could profit from consuming a food
plan rich in L-tryptophan to help counteract high adrenaline
ranges. L-tryptophan is an amino acid that has sedative properties (3), serving to to
calm the nervous system. Not solely have we seen this subdue anxiety and melancholy, however it additionally helps bodybuilders go
to sleep easier and improves their sleep high quality on trenbolone.
AAS taken within the short time period may trigger some
thinning or recession; however, we discover this usually
reverses post-cycle when DHT levels regulate again to normal.
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Anadrole is as close as I’ve discovered, and by eliminating all of the unwanted effects, it simply is sensible to
use Anadrole as a substitute should you care about your brief and
long-term health but nonetheless need fantastic outcomes.
Androgenic unwanted facet effects are the place we will get some form of reduction with Anadrol, but they won’t essentially be non-existent.
Anadrol’s androgenic ranking is about half that of testosterone, but there are different methods androgenic unwanted side effects can rear their ugly head.
As A End Result Of these estrogenic-type side effects aren’t attributable to estrogen conversion, aromatase inhibitors won’t help.
Nonetheless, since they’re anti-estrogens, they can deliver estrogen ranges down too low, which brings about
its personal set of problems (including worsening the already severe results on cholesterol).
Anadrol will suppress your natural testosterone function22 and would require PCT (men only).
Although an injectable steroid, Tren may be very liver poisonous, although Anadrol
remains to be thought-about riskier to the liver.
For many guys, this is probably the most
prized benefit of Anadrol, and it’s broadly thought of the
very best steroid for big pumps. Anadrol will suppress your testosterone strongly, so PCT is required after utilizing it to revive
testosterone manufacturing sooner and keep away
from low testosterone signs. Signs that you simply might need low testosterone because of this suppression include
lack of muscle, fat gain, lethargy, melancholy, and low libido.
However, if used on the entrance finish of your bulking cycles, 100mg of Anadrol every day
for 4-6 weeks is likely the place probably the most advanced customers will start, combined with 1mg of
Arimidex every day to combat unwanted effects.
Superior users will use Anadrol as a small however powerful part of a cycle
that features a quantity of different compounds.
The prime right or left area is the gluteus maximus muscle and will be
the least painful location. You will also want to get your palms on a prescription drug known as Clomid to be used after your cycle during a part often recognized as post-cycle therapy (PCT).
Because your testosterone will be suppressed, Clomid is needed to assist it
get back to normal. For this mix, you won’t require a SERM, and
you’ll in all probability find better libido health as properly as a
result of Masteron encourages DHT, which reinforces the libido however acts as an estrogen control.
This makes Masteron a compound that fits this strategy perfectly, perhaps more than any other compound, especially if retaining the libido is important to you.
The beginning of the taper stage is when you should use
a SERM if you’ve determined to make use of one.
For this purpose, users of steroids that are recognized to have these
effects will make use of anti-estrogen drugs known as aromatase inhibitors.
Many of those are cancer medicines made for women and aren’t all the time simple to get your palms on. Stopping using
a steroid in a cycle or quitting steroids
altogether41 can bring about melancholy,
tiredness, weight reduction, and loss of strength. At the identical time, your body takes several months to
build testosterone ranges again to the place they naturally should be.
Frequent issues embody liver toxicity, because of its C17-alpha alkylated structure, and estrogenic results like gynecomastia and
bloating. To mitigate these risks, customers ought to incorporate liver support supplements like
Milk Thistle and monitor estrogen levels with
aromatase inhibitors (e.g., Arimidex). Additionally, staying hydrated and avoiding alcohol can scale back pressure on the liver.
It was never intended to be a fat-burning agent;
as a substitute, it was researched and used medically for its benefits for respiratory conditions like bronchial asthma.
Below are just some samples to offer you an thought of what you would
do. You can get away with stacking orals together – for
instance, Anadrol and Winstrol. I still principally choose injectables to avoid
hepatotoxicity, Anavar being one exception. But when you don’t
like injecting, then orals are nonetheless a wonderfully viable
possibility. This sort of cycle might be focused on fat-burning and adding power.
I’ll concentrate on NPP Panax Ginseng and Hormonal Balance Anavar right here as a outcome of I already covered Winstrol,
Primo, Tren, and Masteron above.
Men who use Oral Turinabol with out exogenous testosterone will
risk a low testosterone condition. Such a condition can come
with a bunch of potential symptoms ranging from physical, psychological and sexually associated.
Nonetheless, natural levels will still be very low and it will take a large amount of time to recuperate correct or wholesome ranges.
For this cause most males are encouraged to implement a Post Cycle Therapy (PCT) plan once the use of anabolic steroids
is discontinued. This will significantly speed
up the restoration process and protect your lean tissue.
With Out a PCT plan it’s potential for cortisol to become dominant for a
period of time, destroy muscle tissue and promote fat gain. Whereas a PCT plan will promote recovery, it is not going to return you to normal by
itself.
The draw back to all this is that you simply lose muscle definition, and if you endure terrible
water retention, you’ll be walking around with a moon face and an over-bloated look – a
positive sign to others that you’re utilizing AAS. However Anadrol was by
no means an under-the-radar steroid; you should know that
earlier than getting into. Some customers will break up the daily dose into three administrations – that is completely private preference but additionally is determined by your dosage.
But a good variety of users still swear by taking the complete Anadrol dose all at once every day.
Consequently, this can increase the chances of a heart assault or an ischemic stroke.
In our expertise, any anabolic steroid that causes a
strong constructive reaction may even cause a adverse one
(typically in similar measure). Nonetheless, because of Dianabol inflicting some extracellular fluid retention (water amassing exterior
the muscle cell), we do not price it as the most effective steroid for enhancing vascularity.
Moreover, simply accessible and generally subtle AASs,
such as nandrolone and stanozolol, have the potential role within the pathogenesis of cancer,
corresponding to Leydig cell tumor through multiple course
of pathways [113]. Given that it was demonstrated a correlation between AASs abuse
and most cancers, the prevention of its abuse and the knowledge campaigns in gyms and
amongst younger athletes are mandatory. In this regard, surveillance of long-term abuser is warranted in order to carry out at early diagnosis.
Latest scientific and experimental studies proved that
the elevated exercise of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal function in the pathogenesis of cardiological diseases.
The over-activation of the RAAS could lead to changes within the cardiovascular system noticed in topics taking AASs for doping purposes.
The pathogenesis of cardiological modifications and many tragic circumstances resulting from AAS abuse might rely upon the robust stimulation of the RAAS and enforced results by the
tissue aldosterone action. A raised stage of aldosterone is taken into account to be associated to the occurrence
of cardiac sicknesses, independently of elevated blood strain.
Verify along with your local laws to seek out out the specifics, and you can see some
nations are fairly lenient and even permissive of steroid use.
Whereas it’s not frequent for steroid customers within the
US to get caught out and prosecuted for utilizing gear, just remember that the possibility is at all times there.
Some people will use it for months; others will limit themselves to a six
or 8-week cycle. This all is decided by your targets and if you’re stacking it with steroids, SARMs, or
other fat-burning PEDs. L-tyrosine and iodine are a typical combination to mitigate expected unwanted effects.
And to carry on to your muscle during an 8-week blast cycle, stack T3 with any female-friendly steroid or SARM at a low dose, like
Winstrol vs Anavar legal status.
It’s the anabolic traits that are appealing to athletes, but as
a feminine, you’ll also be dealing with the undesirable androgenic
effects.
The following is an aggressive PCT protocol designed by Dr.
Michael Scally, a number one skilled in hormone alternative.
This was utilized in a clinical setting on 19 males, by which 100% of
them recovered their pure testosterone production forty five days after taking steroids.
When testosterone will increase, low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels additionally improve.
Some described first studying about opioids from friends on the health club, and that they
first bought opioids from the identical one who had bought them the anabolic
steroids one hundred forty. In a study of anabolic steroid customers dependent upon the injectable opioid analgesic nalbuphine, most reported
that they began using nalbuphine to treat pain from weightlifting injuries.
The unwanted aspect effects of Equipoise will include pure testosterone suppression in all men who supplement.
Most all anabolic steroids suppress production to a minimum of one diploma
or one other, and with Equipoise it will be pronounced.
Most all men are inspired to incorporate the utilization of exogenous testosterone with their Equipoise to find a way to avoid a
low testosterone situation. If exogenous testosterone just
isn’t included, low ranges will exist, you will open your self to all
of the attainable low degree symptoms and a really unhealthy
situation general. The unwanted facet effects of Equipoise can include those
of an androgenic nature, but such effects carry a very low chance.
Therapy choices really helpful by the Nationwide Institute on Drug Abuse for anabolic steroid misuse are primarily based extra on case research and doctor
expertise rather than managed research. There has been very little research into remedy for steroid misuse and dependence.
Most of the consequences of utilizing anabolic steroids are reversible when the
person stops using the medicine, but some can be permanent.
Approximately three to 4 million folks between the ages of 13 and 50 are believed to have used anabolic steroids.
Of these people, an estimated one million have skilled steroid
dependence.
Men larger than forty years of age with baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) more than 0.6 ng/mL ought to have their
PSA ranges measured and a prostate examination at three
to 6 months. Remedy must be withheld in males with
a palpable prostate nodule or prostate-specific antigen more than 4 ng/mL
and in sufferers at high threat of prostate malignancy with prostate-specific antigen greater than 3 ng/mL.
Anabolic steroids administration may be via oral pills,
injections, creams or topical gels, and skin patches.
Anabolic steroids can also be used for other situations as determined by your doctor.
It Is essential to grasp the facts about steroids, their unwanted side effects,
and what can drive kids and teens to try them. Being aware of the kinds of pressures youngsters take
care of in sports can help you ensure that your youngster is not in danger.
The action of this agent in androgen-sensitive tissues is much like that of DHT and is quite androgenic.
The second carbon substitution with oxygen is thought to increase the stability
of the 3-keto group and significantly enhance its anabolic
part. This AAS may be very anabolic, with little androgenic effect at
a therapeutic dose. 5AR doesn’t cut back oxandrolone to a more potent androgen, and as a DHT derivative, it
can’t be aromatized. Ethylestrenol is a mild AAS,
having very little anabolic or androgenic impact at therapeutic doses.
Fluoxymesterone is a potent androgen that’s produced beneath the model name Halotestin. It is a wonderful substrate for 5AR and conversion to dihydrotestosterone
(DHT) metabolites.
This can stimulate the body to supply more testosterone and help enhance sperm manufacturing.
Overdose can result in extreme liver harm,
which could be deadly.[16] Steroid use also can lead to impulsive and aggressive habits, which may put
them at increased risk of accidental or violent death.
Some individuals «cycle» their anabolic steroid use by taking
the medicine for some time after which pausing for a while before they begin them once more.
Another methodology referred to as «stacking» includes taking a couple of kind of anabolic steroid at a time in hopes
that this can make the medicine work higher.
Medical Doctors prescribe corticosteroids far more usually than anabolic steroids.
You may need them to treat conditions similar to bronchial asthma, eczema,
muscle and joint circumstances, lupus, or a number of sclerosis.
GGT and bilirubin levels in serum do not seem
to increase in response to train (111). The membrane-bound enzyme GGT is expressed
within the kidneys, pancreas, spleen, lungs, mind, intestines,
heart, prostate and liver – where it is mainly expressed in areas which would possibly be wealthy in biliary
epithelial cells (112). An improve in GGT is a sensitive measure
of cholestatic liver disease (113). The collective enhance in these serum markers ought to thus
be interpreted as an indication of liver harm, even in the presence of concomitant muscular train.
Whereas it stays to be decided if and to what extent an AAS-induced
increment in blood pressure will increase CVD threat, it appears prudent to discourage use when an AAS consumer meets the factors for hypertension. If a patient continues utilizing AAS long-term nonetheless, therapy seems wise.
Long-standing untreated hypertension might exacerbate the
detrimental effects of AAS on cardiac construction and function, perhaps making blood pressure treatment in this inhabitants notably related.