Organismos que producen irritación por contacto
Por Maria Bello
Foto cortesía de NOAA
Corales urticantes
Conocidos ampliamente como corales de fuego, estos organismos son, de hecho animales coloniales muy estrechamente relacionados con los hidrozoos. Tienen un esqueleto de coral en forma de disco, semejantes a grandes hojas verticales. Para capturar su alimento, los corales usan células urticantes llamadas nematocistos, estas células se encuentran en los tentáculos del pólipo de coral y los tejidos exteriores. Los nematocistos son capaces de entregar toxinas potentes, a menudo letales, esenciales en la captura de presas.
Los Corales de fuego no son verdaderos corales, son miembros del Phylum de los cnidarios, y aunque el coral de fuego parece coral, está más estrechamente relacionado con las medusas y otras anémonas urticantes. El Coral de fuego (Millipora) se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en las costas de Florida y en el Caribe y produce una toxicidad mínima, dolor predominantemente local, por lo general se describe como un dolor punzante o ardor.
En general los corales de fuego tienen una cubierta esquelética de color verde amarillo y marrón brillante y se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en aguas tropicales y subtropicales. Los buzos a menudo confunden el coral de fuego con algas, y el contacto accidental es común. Los pequeños nematocistos (un órgano en algunos animales marinos que consisten en una cápsula que contiene una estructura diminuta eyectable que causa la picadura) en corales de fuego están en los tentáculos que sobresalen de numerosos poros superficiales. Además, el coral de fuego tiene un esqueleto externo fuerte, calcificado que puede raspar la piel y producir severas lesiones.
Hidroides
Los Hidroides son animales sésiles, que pueden adherirse a las rocas, corales, algas, o pilotes. Semejantes a plantas de plumas, son a veces llamados algas de fuego. Los hidrozoos son en realidad colonias de animales dotados de células urticantes (nematocistos fuertes) que utilizan para capturar a sus presas y para la defensa. Una reacción típica es una sensación de picazón leve con el desarrollo ocasional de dolor ardiente y linfadenopatía, producen síntomas similares a los del coral de fuego.
Algunas especies pueden ocasionar lesiones muy graves que causan la inflamación, la hinchazón y el dolor hasta por una semana. Los efectos pueden llegar a ser más severos.
Erizos de mar
Los erizos de mar no son agresivos y relativamente lentos. Sin embargo, las lesiones de erizo de mar no son inusuales. Los buzos o bañistas pueden distraerse fácilmente y pisar una de estas delicadas criaturas. Es sólo sentido común, evitar las espinas agudas del erizo de mar, que pueden penetrar profundamente en la carne y romper causando inflamación de larga duración, las que generalmente requieren tratamiento quirúrgico. No hay certeza de envenenamiento por hincadas de erizos.
El erizo flor, poco común, pero más peligroso, tiene en lugar de largas espinas una cobertura peculiar, ya que parece estar cubierto con numerosas flores que son de hecho pequeñas pinzas venenosas (pedicillariae) capaz de causar parálisis e incluso la muerte.
Dangerous Creatures of the Sea Contact irritants
By Maria Bello
Photos Courtesy of NOAA
Stinging Corals.
Known widely as stinging or fire corals, these organisms are, in fact, colonial animals more closely related to hydroids. Having a hard coral-like skeleton, they vary in form from large upright sheets. To capture their food, corals use stinging cells called nematocysts. These cells are located in the coral polyp’s tentacles and outer tissues. Nematocysts are capable of delivering powerful, often lethal, toxins, and are essential in capturing prey.
Fire corals are not true corals. Fire corals are members of the Cnidarian phylum, and although fire coral looks like coral, it is more closely related to jellyfish and other stinging anemones. Fire corals (Millipore) are typically encountered off the Florida coast and in the Caribbean and produce minimal toxicity, predominantly local pain, usually described as stinging or burning pain. Fire corals have a bright yellow-green and brown skeletal covering and are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Scuba divers often mistake fire coral for seaweed, and accidental contact is common. The very small nematocysts (an organ in some marine animals consisting of a minute capsule containing an ejectable thread that causes a sting) on fire corals contain tentacles that protrude from numerous surface pores. In addition, fire corals have a sharp, calcified external skeleton that can scrape the skin.
Hydroids.
Hydroid corals are sessile creatures that can attach to rocks, coral, seaweed, or pilings. Looking like feathery plants, and sometimes referred to as fireweed, hydroids are actually colonies of animals equipped with strong stinging cells (nematocysts) used to capture prey and for defense. A typical reaction is a mild stinging sensation with occasional development of burning pain and lymphadenopathy and produce similar symptoms as fire coral.
Some species can give quite severe stings causing inflammation, swelling and pain lasting up to a week. Effects may sometimes be more severe.
Sea Urchins.
Sea urchins are non-aggressive and relatively slow-moving. Still, sea urchin injuries are not unusual. Divers can easily become distracted and brush against one of these delicate creatures.
It is just common sense to avoid the sharp black spines of the black sea urchin. They can penetrate deeply into the flesh and break off causing long-lasting inflammation if not removed – often surgically. There is doubt as to whether venom is also involved.
A less common but much more dangerous urchin is the flower urchin. Instead of long spines it appears to be covered with numerous flowers which are in fact little venomous pincers (pedicillariae) capable of causing paralysis and even death. It has killed several people.










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