By Maria Bello Photos Dr. Martin Aróstegui / Bahamas
The Queen conch (Lobatus gigas formerly Strombus gigas) is a large marine snail that inhabits in shallow, warm waters seagrass beds and sand flats in the Caribbean Sea adjacent to 28 countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Caribbean Netherlands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, French West Indies, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, the Turks and Caicos, the United States (Florida and Texas, Flower Garden Banks), both the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and Venezuela The geographic distribution of queen conch is bound by Bermuda to the north, Panama to the south, Barbados to the east, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico to the west).
A source of food harvested since ancient times, the Queen conch is both a commercially and culturally an important species.
They are soft-bodied animals covert by a shell, belonging to the same taxonomic group (Mollusca) as clams, oysters, octopi, and squid that can reach up to 12 inches in length and can live for up to 40 years. Its shell grows as the mollusk grows, forming into a spiral shape with an attractive glossy pink or orange interior.
The high demand of its meat consumed domestically throughout the Caribbean and exported as a delicacy; conch shells and shell jewelry sold to tourists and the live animals used for the aquarium trade has put the “Queen” in peril.
Queen conch populations are declining throughout their range and have been mostly depleted in some areas. They are highly sought after for their meat and are one of the most valuable species in the Caribbean. For this reason, they are vulnerable to overfishing. Fishers throughout their range catch queen conch by free diving or SCUBA diving to catch them by hand. Using this method, a team of divers can capture every individual in an area. It is not uncommon to see mountainous piles of empty queen conch shells near fishing camps that specialize in their capture.
Fishing regulations associated with queen conch have increased with time but vary substantially over the more than 30 nations where conch are distributed ranging from no regulation whatsoever to complete moratoria on fishing in Florida and Bermuda. Despite more than 30 years of moratorium in Florida, the conch population has still not rebounded to a commercially harvestable level as reported by Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Harvest regulations in other locations include closed seasons, closed areas, catch quotas, size and age limitations, and gear restrictions designed to promote a sustainable fishery by reducing and containing fishing effort. Despite the various fisheries management measures continued reductions in queen conch densities, decreasing catches per unit effort, and changing age structures throughout the region resulted in a review by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S. Department of Commerce) to consider queen conch for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Threatened status was declined in 2014; however, the species continues to be severely overfished in many parts of its distribution, and the decision is under appeal. Such a listing would reduce or eliminate import of conch products to the United States.
In the Bahamas, where conchs are a vital part of the culture and economy, the slugs are finding it increasingly difficult to reproduce. Overfishing and loose regulations have pushed many pockets of conch communities below the critical level needed for mating, according to recent scientific surveys. That means conchs in those regions may eventually die of old age without reproducing, leading to the demise of the conch fishery. One recently-published paper predicts overfishing could spell an end to Bahamian conchs in as little as 10 years.
Queen conch has been listed in in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II (Includes species that although currently not threatened with extinction, may become so without trade controls.) since 1992.
In the different territories of the U.S.A. the fishery has been regulated and the Queen conch populations are in year 12 of a 15-year rebuilding plan.
El Caracol Rey en peligro
Fotos Dr. Martin Aróstegui / Bahamas
El Caracol Rey del Caribe, también conocido como “Cobo” (Lobatus gigas anteriormente Strombus gigas) es un caracol marino de gran tamaño que habita en aguas poco profundas y cálidas en las praderas de algas marinas y arenales en el Mar Caribe adyacente a 28 países (Antigua y Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados, Bahamas, Belice, Bermudas, Caribe Holanda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, República Dominicana, Antillas Francesas, Granada, Haití, Honduras, México, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, San Cristóbal y Nieves, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Granadinas , Trinidad y Tobago, las Islas Turcas y Caicos, los Estados Unidos (Florida y Texas, Flower Garden Banks), tanto las Islas Vírgenes Británicas como las Islas Vírgenes Americanas y Venezuela. La distribución geográfica del cobo está vinculada por Bermudas al Norte, Panamá al Sur, Barbados al Este y la costa del Golfo de México al Oeste).
El Caracol Rey ha sido fuente de alimento regional considerable desde la antigüedad, al mismo tiempo de ser una especie comercial y culturalmente importante que ha identificado a los países Caribeños.
Son animales de cuerpo blando cubiertos por una concha, pertenecientes al mismo grupo taxonómico (Mollusca) que las almejas, ostras, pulpos y calamares que pueden alcanzar hasta 12 pulgadas de largo y pueden vivir hasta 40 años. Su caparazón crece a medida que crece el molusco, en forma de espiral con un atractivo interior rosa o naranja brillante.
La gran demanda de su carne en los mercados locales y de exportación como manjar; las conchas y las joyas de conchas que se venden a los turistas y los animales vivos utilizados para el comercio del acuario los han hecho muy vulnerables a la sobrepesca; por lo que se puede afirmar que la permanencia del majestuoso «Rey del Caribe» en el ecosistema está en peligro.
Ya es una realidad que estas poblaciones de caracoles están disminuyendo a lo largo de su rango de distribución, habiéndose agotado en su mayoría en algunas áreas o habiendo desaparecido en otras.
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Los pescadores a lo largo del Caribe capturan el cobo mediante el buceo libre o buceo con escafandra capturándolos de forma manual. Usando este método, un equipo de buceadores puede capturar a cada uno de los especímenes presente en un área. Por lo que no es raro ver montañas de conchas de Cobos vacías cerca de los campamentos de pesca especializados en su captura.
Las regulaciones de pesca asociadas con el caracol rey han aumentado con el tiempo, pero varían sustancialmente en los más de 30 países donde se distribuyen. Las mismas van desde ausencia total de regulaciones hasta la moratoria completa de la pesca como en la Florida y Bermudas. En la Florida, a pesar de 30 años de moratoria la población del caracol rey todavía no se ha recuperado a un nivel que permita su comercialización, según lo informado por la Comisión de Conservación de Vida Silvestre y Pesca de Florida.
Las regulaciones de captura en otros lugares incluyen temporadas cerradas, áreas cerradas, cuotas de captura, limitaciones de tamaño y edad, y restricciones de artes diseñadas para promover una pesquería sostenible al reducir y contener el esfuerzo de pesca. A pesar de las diversas medidas de ordenación pesquera, las reducciones continuas en las densidades del caracol rey, la disminución de las capturas por unidad de esfuerzo y el cambio de las estructuras de edad en toda la región dieron como resultado una revisión por parte de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (Departamento de Comercio de EE. UU.). Esto resulto en una recomendación a considerar el caracol rey para su inclusión en la lista de “Especies en Peligro de Extinción; lo que fue declinado en el 2014. Sin embargo, la especie sigue siendo gravemente sobreexplotada en muchas partes de su distribución, y la decisión está en apelación. Tal listado reduciría o eliminaría la importación de productos de caracol a los Estados Unidos.
En las Bahamas por ejemplo, donde los caracoles son una parte vital de la cultura y la economía, a las babosas les resulta cada vez más difícil reproducirse. La sobrepesca y las regulaciones inconsistentes han ocasionado que muchos grupos de comunidades de caracoles estén por debajo del nivel crítico necesario para el apareamiento, según estudios científicos recientes. Eso significa que las conchas en esas regiones pueden eventualmente morir de vejez sin reproducirse, lo que llevaría a la desaparición de la pesquería de conchas. Un artículo publicado recientemente predice que la sobrepesca podría significar el fin de los caracoles de las Bahamas en tan solo 10 años.
El caracol rey ha sido incluido en la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES), Apéndice II (Incluye especies que, aunque actualmente no están en peligro de extinción, pueden quedar sin controles comerciales) desde 1992.
En los diferentes territorios de los EE. UU., la pesquería ha sido reglamentada y las poblaciones de caracoles rey están en el año 12 de un plan de reconstrucción de 15 años, con lo que se espera alcancen niveles de recuperación.
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